Heidelberg Materials in Germany is regarding CCS as a key lever to achieve climate goals, however strategies have changed. Because the costs for CO2 transport and storage can be as high as the capture costs, the transport and storage challenges are fully reviewed and optimised. One such example is the ANRAV decarbonisation project at the Devnya cement plant in Bulgaria (photo). In the first concept, captured CO2 from the plant near Varna should be connected with offshore storage sites of oil and gas company Petroceltic and injected under the Black Sea. In the latest approach, Heidelberg Materials decided for a 20 km pipeline transport and CO2 storage in an underground reservoir close to the cement plant. This will reduce the downstream decarbonisation costs significantly.